Tag inflammation

How and Why Do People Develop Histamine Dysregulation?

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Histamine dysregulation happens when the production, release, or breakdown of histamine is thrown out of balance. That can happen in a few ways, and it’s usually multifactorial, meaning more than one trigger is involved. As someone who suffers from this, I can definitely tell you that it’s not a fun experience! This condition is one I developed during perimenopause, and I still struggle with it, more than 10 years later.

Here are some of the factors which are involved in the development of histamine intolerance or dysregulation:

1. 🧪 Impaired Histamine Breakdown

🔧 Main Enzyme: DAO (Diamine Oxidase)

DAO is responsible for breaking down histamine in the gut before it’s absorbed into the bloodstream.

🔬 Causes of Low DAO Activity:

  • Gut inflammation (e.g., from IBS, IBD, leaky gut, or SIBO)
  • Certain medications (like NSAIDs, antibiotics, antihistamines, antidepressants, and PPIs)
  • Alcohol (especially wine) inhibits DAO
  • Genetic mutations (SNPs) in the AOC1 gene, which affect DAO enzyme function
  • Nutrient deficiencies (copper, B6, vitamin C)—these are co-factors needed for DAO

2. 🔥 Overproduction or Release of Histamine

Histamine is stored in mast cells, which are part of your immune system. When triggered, these cells release histamine—sometimes inappropriately or excessively.

🧨 Triggers for Histamine Release:

  • Food sensitivities or allergies
  • Chronic infections (like Lyme, Epstein-Barr, Candida, parasites)
  • Mold exposure or environmental toxins
  • SIBO or gut dysbiosis (bacteria can produce histamine)
  • Stress (triggers mast cell activation through the nervous system)
  • Hormonal shifts (especially in women—estrogen can increase histamine)

In some cases, people develop mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), where mast cells release histamine too easily and too often, even to non-threatening stimuli.

3. 🧬 Genetic Predisposition

Certain gene variants can impair your body’s ability to break down or regulate histamine. Key genes include:

  • AOC1 – codes for DAO enzyme
  • HNMT – breaks down histamine inside cells
  • MAO, COMT – involved in neurotransmitter and histamine metabolism
  • MTHFR – affects methylation, which indirectly impacts histamine clearance

People with these genetic variants may have a lower tolerance threshold and be more prone to symptoms from even normal histamine levels.

4. 💊 Medication-Induced Histamine Issues

Some drugs can either block DAO or promote histamine release. Examples:

  • NSAIDs (ibuprofen, aspirin)
  • Antidepressants (especially MAOIs)
  • Antibiotics (like clavulanic acid or sulfonamides)
  • Muscle relaxants
  • Opioids
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Beta blockers

These don’t necessarily cause histamine intolerance permanently, but they can tip someone over the edge if they already have a compromised system.

5. 🧠 Chronic Stress and Nervous System Imbalance

Chronic stress can:

  • Increase mast cell activation
  • Promote intestinal permeability (leaky gut)
  • Suppress DAO enzyme production
  • Alter gut microbiota

Basically, long-term stress can create a perfect storm for histamine dysregulation.

6. 🦠 Gut Health Imbalances

Histamine and the gut are tightly linked.

  • Dysbiosis: Some gut bacteria (like Lactobacillus casei or Klebsiella) produce histamine.
  • SIBO: Overgrowth in the small intestine can lead to bacterial production of histamine.
  • Leaky gut: Inflammation in the gut lining reduces DAO production and allows histamine to be absorbed more easily into the bloodstream.

If the gut lining is damaged or the microbiome is imbalanced, histamine clearance drops—while histamine production increases. Bad combo.

🧩 Summary: Why Histamine Dysregulation Happens

Root CauseHow It Contributes
Gut inflammationReduces DAO production
Genetic mutationsImpair histamine breakdown
Chronic stressActivates mast cells, weakens gut
Infections or toxinsTrigger immune and mast cell response
Hormonal imbalancesEstrogen boosts histamine levels
MedicationsBlock DAO or trigger histamine release
Dysbiosis/SIBOIncreases histamine production in gut

🔄 The Vicious Cycle

Histamine overload can damage the gut, and a damaged gut can’t break down histamine—so the cycle continues unless addressed.

✅ What to Do About It

If you’re dealing with symptoms and suspect histamine dysregulation, steps to consider:

  • Support DAO function (supplements, gut healing)
  • Avoid high-histamine foods (especially temporarily)
  • Reduce triggers (toxins, stress, allergens)
  • Test for underlying causes (SIBO, mold, infections)
  • Work with a knowledgeable practitioner

What Is Silent Reflux?

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Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), sometimes called “silent reflux,” is a condition in which stomach acid or other contents flow backward into the larynx (voice box) and pharynx (throat). Unlike gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), LPR often doesn’t cause the classic symptom of heartburn. Instead, it presents with a variety of upper airway and throat symptoms that can be subtle, confusing, and sometimes frightening.

Common Symptoms of LPR:

  • Chronic throat clearing
    A frequent need to clear the throat due to irritation caused by acid or digestive enzymes.
  • Persistent cough
    Especially at night or after eating, the cough may not respond to traditional treatments.
  • Hoarseness or voice changes
    Vocal cords can become inflamed or irritated, leading to a raspy or weak voice, especially in the morning.
  • Globus sensation
    A feeling of a lump, tightness, or something stuck in the throat, even when nothing is there.
  • Postnasal drip or excess mucus
    The body produces mucus in response to irritation, which can feel like it’s collecting in the back of the throat.
  • Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
    Swallowing may feel effortful or uncomfortable, and food may seem slow to move down the throat.
  • Sore throat or burning sensation in the throat
    Especially after eating or while lying down.
  • Ear pain or a sensation of fullness
    Acid can irritate the Eustachian tubes or nearby structures, leading to ear discomfort.

Feeling Like You’re Drowning in Your Own Saliva

One of the more distressing and lesser-known symptoms of LPR is excessive saliva production (also called water brash), along with difficulty swallowing and a sensation of choking. This can feel as though saliva is pooling in the throat, leading to:

  • A sensation of choking on saliva
    Because the throat and swallowing reflexes may be disrupted by inflammation, even normal amounts of saliva can feel overwhelming.
  • Difficulty managing secretions
    Some people feel they can’t swallow quickly or completely enough, leading to a constant awareness of saliva in the mouth or throat.
  • Fear of aspiration
    The fear that the saliva or refluxate could “go down the wrong pipe” and enter the lungs, especially when lying down.
  • Shortness of breath or throat tightness
    These may be reflexive responses from the larynx trying to protect the airway, which can exacerbate the sensation of “drowning.”

Why This Happens

Stomach contents, including acid, pepsin, or bile, are not meant to come in contact with the sensitive tissues of the throat and larynx. Even a small amount of reflux reaching these areas can cause inflammation and nerve hypersensitivity. When this happens:

  • The muscles that control swallowing may become uncoordinated.
  • The throat may feel constricted.
  • The body’s natural response is to produce more mucus and saliva to soothe the tissues, which paradoxically makes the feeling of “drowning” worse.

What to Do

If you suspect you have LPR, especially if you’re experiencing this “drowning” sensation, it’s important to:

  • Consult an ENT or gastroenterologist
    They may perform a laryngoscopy or pH monitoring to confirm LPR.
  • Modify diet and lifestyle
    Avoid acidic, spicy, or fatty foods, eat smaller meals, and don’t lie down after eating. However, I will say that even a clean diet which follows these recommendations might not even make a difference at all. This has been the case for me.
  • Elevate the head of the bed
    This reduces nighttime reflux for some people. However, it won’t make any difference for other sufferers (like me).
  • Use supplements if needed
    These may include alginate-based therapies or other substances which create a physical “raft” to block off the backflow. Some physicians may recommend proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 blockers or allergy medications, but these medications might not have any effect on the condition.

While it’s not dangerous in most cases, the sensation of drowning in your own saliva due to LPR can feel alarming. The good news is that with proper diagnosis and treatment, symptoms can usually be well-managed and greatly improved.

Are White Foods Making You Sick?

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If you have any tendency to hit the bread basket at dinner, or you have a penchant for plates of regular pasta or sweet treats like cookies, you are consuming white foods which can have a deleterious impact on your health. Some white foods are actually quite healthy for the most part, such as eggs, cauliflower, onions and turnips. However, white foods which are highly processed and refined wreak havoc on our bodies, and should be eliminated from our diets. Not only do they adversely affect digestion, they cause spikes in blood sugar, diminish the collagen and elastin in our skin, and lead to heart and kidney disease.

Not sure what constitutes the white foods I am referring to? Here’s a list:

Enriched White Flour
White Rice
White Pasta
White Bread
Crackers
Table Sugar
Refined Salt

One of the reasons why the flour which is used in processed foods is usually enriched is because fiber, vitamins and minerals are stripped during the refining process of the grain. In addition, processed grains and table sugar are absorbed very rapidly, causing a sharp increase in insulin release with a corresponding crash, resulting in hunger pangs and cravings, not to mention adversely affecting one’s health over the course of time. In case you didn’t know, the average carbonated soda has 10 to 12 teaspoons of table sugar. According to the American Heart Association, an average of 22 teaspoons of sugar is consumed daily by the average American. Sugar in any form provides very few nutrients, and that is why it is described as providing “empty” calories.

Another white food which could be added to the do-not-eat list is dairy. The dairy industry often uses hormones and antibiotics in raising the cows, which then can cause weight gain, hormonal imbalance, inflammation, allergies and digestive issues in humans. I have seen a fair number of patients who dealt with chronic pain and inflammation which abated once they eliminated dairy products from their diets.

I honestly believe that everyone should examine all foods which are currently in the pantry or elsewhere in the kitchen, disposing of any processed foods. Once this purge is completed, it is critical to read nutrition labels when shopping at the grocery store and to avoid purchasing foods which have ingredients on the above list. I discovered that I have a severe intolerance to barley and I also have a non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Because of this, I have cut gluten out of my diet, which means that I avoid bread, crackers, and pasta which are made with wheat flour or any other glutinous grain. However, this doesn’t mean that gluten free bread products are the answer either, especially because they are also processed foods. I only consume gluten free pastas, breads or cookies a few times per year, and I truly have cravings for healthy foods. For example, when I want a crunchy snack, I opt for a bowl of raw veggies like radishes (my favorite), cucumber, and fresh raw mushrooms, while others might reach for a bag of potato chips. My palate is so conditioned to like clean foods that I actually crave things like radishes, arugula, and lean cuts of turkey and seafood.

If you stick to fresh vegetables, lean meat, and incorporate healthy fats like avocado into your regimen, the fresh flavors will hopefully break you out of your refined food habits and lead you to healthy eating habits.

Watch Out For Soy Products

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Soy-based products are still quite popular, and the majority of them are touted as “health” foods. However, there is a huge difference between fermented and unfermented soy products.

People of Asian descent like me tend to eat fermented soy products such as soy sauce, miso and tempeh (I draw the line at natto, which is another fermented soy product with a distinctive texture and flavor which I can’t stand). The fermented forms of soy based foods are safe because the fermentation process destroys the antinutrients which are present in soybeans.

In stark contrast, unfermented soy products, including soy milk and tofu, have high concentrations of these antinutrients, including phytates, phytoestrogens, MSG, saponins, trypsin inhibitors, and goitrogens. These substances have multiple deleterious effects on the body, such as impaired absorption of vitamins and minerals, interference with pancreatic and thyroid function, disruption of endocrine function, and damage to the nervous system.

For these reasons, I am strongly opposed to the consumption of soy-based products and eliminate them from patient and client diets whenever possible. If you are vegan, or if you are intolerant of whey or casein, look for other forms of protein, such as pea, quinoa, hemp and amaranth, which cause less inflammation when consumed and have a more benign side effect profile.

Organifi Review from August 2016

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Please check out my YouTube review of Organifi products here:

Though I shot and edited this video a year ago, the information hasn’t changed. I love how clean Organifi products are, and encourage people to try them. My favorite products are the Daily Turmeric Boost and the ProBiotic.

I’ve actually run out of both products, and am using other brands right now, but I honestly felt fantastic while on Organifi products. My digestive tract functioned better, and I had fewer aches and pains with the Turmeric Boost on board.

Why Zinc Is So Important

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zinc-image

Here is an article which I wrote a few years ago and which still applies to general health:

Zinc is a vital mineral which is found in every tissue in the body due to its involvement in cell division. In the world of fitness and bodybuilding, zinc has a number of roles, including maintenance of normal hormonal levels, proper endocrine function, body composition, energy levels, optimal physical performance and protein synthesis. Thus it is crucial to maintain normal levels of zinc in the body when training or prepping for a competition.

Zinc is highly concentrated in meat, dairy and some seafood. This is why vegetarians most commonly suffer from zinc deficiency. So how can you tell if you suffer from a zinc deficiency? Common symptoms include an altered sense of taste which leads to cravings for sweets and salty foods. Other symptoms of zinc deficiency include low energy, infertility, low libido, memory problems, poor immunity and diarrhea.

A relatively easy way to test yourself to see if you are deficient in zinc is to do a taste test. Take 1 to 2 teaspoons of zinc sulfate (you can get this at health food stores) and add to a cup of water. If it tastes just like water, you are very zinc deficient. If you experience a slightly metallic taste, you are moderately zinc deficient. If it is strongly metallic and unpleasant, you most likely have normal zinc levels. Please bear in mind that this test is never as accurate as a blood test, but at least it will give you an idea of what your levels are.

For those of you who want to know the specific health benefits of zinc, here is a list of benefits.

Enhances Strength and Athletic Performance:

Zinc plays a major role in anabolic hormone production which makes it a key player in optimizing athletic performance and strength. When zinc levels in the body are normal, more growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 is released, which result in enhanced muscle growth and performance. Researchers have also noted that zinc enhances the conversion rate of androstenedione to testosterone, which improve strength gains during the recovery phase.

Enhances Reproductive Health and Fertility in Both Men and Women:

The cells of the male prostate require an extremely high concentration of zinc for proper function. To give you an idea of how much zinc is necessary in the prostate, male prostate tissue requires ten times more zinc than other cells in the body for normal function. There is a correlation between low zinc levels in men and increased risk of developing prostate cancer and infertility. There is also evidence to support the link between low zinc levels and low libido. Another implication with low zinc levels is its importance in maintaining optimal testosterone levels. Men with low zinc also tend to have low testosterone, which puts them at greater risk of andropausal symptoms.

In women, proper levels of zinc are essential for egg maturation and ovulation. Zinc also optimizes utilization of estrogen and progesterone and regulates their levels. During pregnancy, zinc plays a vital role in ensuring proper cell division in the growing fetus and helps to prevent premature delivery.

Essential For Taste, Smell and Appetite:

Zinc activates areas in the brain that process information from taste buds in the mouth and olfactory cells in the nasal passages. In addition, levels of zinc in the plasma influence taste preference and appetite. Many programs which treat anorexics use zinc to revive taste and appetite.

Makes Skin, Hair and Nails Healthy:

Zinc accelerates skin cell renewal which is why it is commonly used in diaper rash creams, acne treatments and creams which are used to treat dermatitis. It has strong anti-inflammatory properties and has a soothing effect on rashes, burns and blisters. Some shampoos contain zinc to help prevent dandruff. What you may not know is that zinc is important for healthy hair and that low zinc levels can cause hair loss, dull and thin hair, and loss of pigmentation.

Essential For Vision:

Zinc is found in high concentrations in the retina, but this level declines with advancing age, precipitating age-related macular degeneration which is characterized by a partial or complete loss of vision. Zinc also has a protective effect against the development of cataracts and night blindness.

Supports Cardiovascular Health:

Zinc is vital to normal cardiovascular function. When levels of zinc are low, the endothelial layer in blood vessels becomes inflamed and accumulates cholesterol deposits, both of which increase one’s risk of heart disease. Low levels of zinc can amplify the negative cardiovascular effects of diets which are high in fat and cholesterol, whereas adequate levels of zinc will inhibit the progression of heart disease.

Increases Insulin Sensitivity:

The presence of zinc is essential for normal function of most hormones, including insulin. Zinc binds to insulin and aids in storage in the pancreas as well as release of insulin in the presence of serum glucose. In addition, zinc is found in the enzymes which enable insulin to bind to cells so that glucose can be utilized for fuel, a process better known as insulin sensitivity. Why is this important? If zinc levels are low, enzyme levels drop, insulin sercretion drops and glucose remains in the bloodstream, a process which can lead to diabetes if it is chronic.

Improves Mood:

Dopamine, a chemical in the brain which boosts mood and energy, is partially regulated by zinc, so zinc once again plays an important role in the body. There is also evidence to support the theory that the presence of zinc boosts serotonin levels in the brain.

Supports Immune Function:

Zinc supports T cell function and is thus strongly tied with combating inflammation. T cells are responsible for mounting an immune response to invaders such as bacteria or viruses.

Has Potent Antioxidant Effect:

Zinc can remove toxins from the body and prevent accumulation of harmful compounds in tissues. This mechanism has a protective effect against the development of cancers, especially in the prostate, ovaries, pancreas, breast and colon. In addition, zinc prevents the buildup of heavy metals in the brain such as aluminum, which has been closely linked with Alzheimer’s disease.

If you suspect that you are deficient in zinc, you can supplement daily with 20 to 30 milligrams.

(Original post can be found here: http://www.rxmuscle.com/blogs/the-lab-supplement-school/7294-why-zinc-is-so-important.html?hitcount=0)

Ibuprofen Has Its Merits

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ibuprofenOver the years, numerous medical studies have explored the idea that ibuprofen interferes with muscle growth, with conflicting conclusions. I know that there are some weightlifters who will take ibuprofen on a daily basis to combat numerous pain issues so that they can lift more comfortably, but this is something I would NEVER recommend. As a physician I am well aware of ibuprofen’s remarkable ability to shut down acute inflammation, but I am also aware of the risks of taking high dose ibuprofen over an extended period of time. I think it is also important to bear in mind that 1) there are different types of inflammation found in the body, and 2) some inflammation is actually necessary for optimal muscle growth.

The reason why I broach this subject is that I also know people who lift who stubbornly refuse to take ibuprofen under ANY circumstances, stating that it isn’t worth the impaired muscle growth. These people could be in agony from a muscle strain, bursitis, arthritis flare-up, tennis elbow or any number of conditions which arise from localized inflammation, yet will refuse to take anything. I will see them at the gym, struggling to move the weight that they are accustomed to lifting, only to cut their lifting regimen short or sharply reduce the weight lifted. Some of these people are so intent on pushing through the pain that they often make things WORSE and have to stop training completely until their injuries subside. Now that is just stupid. It makes far more sense to tackle the acute inflammation systemically with ibuprofen and rest the area for a few days so that one can return to full capacity, rather than risk even greater injury which essentially forces one to stop training.

I have recently dealt with a mild ankle sprain which I aggressively treated with ice, elevation, compression and high-dose ibuprofen for four days. Instead of being stubborn and refusing to take anything, I took 600-800 milligrams of ibuprofen twice a day with food, and also avoided any activities which required me to push off from my feet. I also refrained from doing any high impact moves which would aggravate my ankle. Was I concerned about adversely affecting my body’s ability to build muscle? Certainly not. Healing was my primary concern. Besides, there would have been no way that I could have trained the way I normally do while dealing with such outright pain, so it made sense to shut down the inflammatory process which was causing all the discomfort in the first place by taking the dreaded ibuprofen. I was smart about how I took it, and I did not take it for an extended period of time. Thankfully, it was a successful therapeutic treatment and I am glad I did it.

With all this said, I am still very cautious about prescribing high dose ibuprofen. The effects on the gastrointestinal tract are significant, so it is imperative to eat when taking this medication. I also caution people against taking too many doses throughout the day. A very real example occurred with a friend who was apparently taking high doses of ibuprofen (600-800 mg 4 times per day) without food for severe daily headaches. This practice resulted in a peptic ulcer which bled enough to cause her to pass out twice, landing her in the emergency room.

For those of you on the other side of the coin who have a habit of taking ibuprofen chronically, even if you are only taking 200 or 400 mg at a time, I highly recommend that you discontinue such chronic use. It is best to reserve ibuprofen for acute flare-ups.

What Killed Knut The Polar Bear

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Knut sit
Please check out my original post at:

http://xactmind.com/xc/articles/what-killed-knut-the-polar-bear/

By: Dr. Stacey Naito – Physician and IFBB Pro

Zoo veterinarians were astonished and puzzled when Knut, the polar bear at the Berlin Zoo who rose to celebrity status, died suddenly in 2011 after suffering from a seizure and collapsing into the pool in his enclosure. Knut’s death at the young age of four was a complete surprise, since polar bears can live up to 20 years in the wild and even longer in captivity, so researchers were determined to find out the cause of his bizarre demise.

Mystery Solved

Researchers have finally discovered what killed Knut. The reason for his death was an autoimmune disorder called anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, a type of brain inflammation in which the body attacks its own brain cells and causes them to malfunction. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis strikes one in 200,000 people and is the main cause of non-infectious encephalitis. Initial symptoms are nausea, fever, headaches and hallucinations, later progressing to motor abnormalities, seizures and death if untreated. Until Knut’s cause of death was discovered, scientists believed that this form of encephalitis only occurred in humans.

Knut’s Legacy

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is treated in humans with high-dose steroids and plasma exchange. Now that scientists have determined that the disease affects other creatures in the animal kingdom, zoo veterinarians are optimistic that zoo animals who exhibit signs of encephalitis without a clear cause can be treated with the same medications. The knowledge of what killed Knut has also made scientists aware that anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis may be undertreated, which can aid in the development of earlier intervention and more effective treatments for this disease.
Knut hug